Essential Books

Basics of String Formatting

suggest change 
foo = 1
bar = 'bar'
baz = 3.14

You can use str.format to format output. Bracket pairs are replaced with arguments in the order in which the arguments are passed: 

print('{}, {} and {}'.format(foo, bar, baz))
# Out: "1, bar and 3.14"

Indexes can also be specified inside the brackets. The numbers correspond to indexes of the arguments passed to the str.format function (0-based). 

print('{0}, {1}, {2}, and {1}'.format(foo, bar, baz))
# Out: "1, bar, 3.14, and bar"
print('{0}, {1}, {2}, and {3}'.format(foo, bar, baz))
# Out: index out of range error

Named arguments can be also used: 

print("X value is: {x_val}. Y value is: {y_val}.".format(x_val=2, y_val=3))
# Out: "X value is: 2. Y value is: 3."

Object attributes can be referenced when passed into str.format: 

class AssignValue(object):
    def __init__(self, value):
        self.value = value
my_value = AssignValue(6)
print('My value is: {0.value}'.format(my_value))  # "0" is optional
# Out: "My value is: 6"

Dictionary keys can be used as well: 

my_dict = {'key': 6, 'other_key': 7}
print("My other key is: {0[other_key]}".format(my_dict))  # "0" is optional
# Out: "My other key is: 7"

Same applies to list and tuple indices: 

my_list = ['zero', 'one', 'two']
print("2nd element is: {0[2]}".format(my_list))  # "0" is optional
# Out: "2nd element is: two"
Note: In addition to str.format, Python also provides the modulo operator %–also known as the string formatting or interpolation operator (see PEP 3101)–for formatting strings. str.format is a successor of % and it offers greater flexibility, for instance by making it easier to carry out multiple substitutions.

In addition to argument indexes, you can also include a format specification inside the curly brackets. This is an expression that follows special rules and must be preceded by a colon (:). See the docs for a full description of format specification. An example of format specification is the alignment directive :~^20 (^ stands for center alignment, total width 20, fill with ~ character): 

'{:~^20}'.format('centered')
# Out: '~~~~~~centered~~~~~~'

format allows behaviour not possible with %, for example repetition of arguments: 

t = (12, 45, 22222, 103, 6)
print '{0} {2} {1} {2} {3} {2} {4} {2}'.format(*t)    
# Out: 12 22222 45 22222 103 22222 6 22222

As format is a function, it can be used as an argument in other functions: 

number_list = [12,45,78]
print map('the number is {}'.format, number_list)
# Out: ['the number is 12', 'the number is 45', 'the number is 78']   
    

from datetime import datetime,timedelta
    
once_upon_a_time = datetime(2010, 7, 1, 12, 0, 0)
delta = timedelta(days=13, hours=8,  minutes=20)
    
gen = (once_upon_a_time + x * delta for x in xrange(5))
    
print '\n'.join(map('{:%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S}'.format, gen))
#Out: 2010-07-01 12:00:00
#     2010-07-14 20:20:00
#     2010-07-28 04:40:00
#     2010-08-10 13:00:00
#     2010-08-23 21:20:00
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String Formatting:
* String Formatting
* Basics of String Formatting
* Alignment and padding
* Format literals f-string
* Float formatting
* String formatting with datetime
* Named placeholders
* Formatting Numerical Values
* Nested formatting
* Format using Getitem and Getattr
* Padding and truncating strings combined
* Custom formatting for a class
Table Of Contents
0 Getting Started
1 List comprehension
2 Filter
3 List
4 Functions
5 Decorators
6 Math module
7 Loops
8 Random module
9 Comparisons
10 Importing modules
11 Sorting Minimum and Maximium
12 Operator module
13 Variable Scope and Binding
14 Basic Input and Output
15 Files, Folders, I/O
16 JSON Module
17 String Methods
18 Metaclasses
19 Indexing and Slicing
20 Generators
21 Simple Mathematical Operators
22 Reduce
23 Map Function
24 Exponentation
25 Searching
26 Dictionary
27 Classes
28 Counting
29 Manipulating XML
30 Date and Time
31 Set
32 Collections module
33 Parallel computation
34 Multithreading
35 Writing C extensions
36 Unit Testing
37 Regular Expressions
38 Bitwise Operators
39 Incompatibilities moving from Python 2 to Python 3
40 Virtual environments
41 Copying data
42 Tuple
43 Context Managers with Statement
44 Hidden Features
45 Enum
46 String Formatting
47 Conditionals
48 Complex math
49 Unicode and bytes
50 The __name__ special variable
51 Check if path exists
52 Networking
53 Asyncio Module
54 Print Function
55 os.path module
56 Creating Python packages
57 Parsing Command Line Arguments
58 HTML Parsing
59 Subprocess Library
60 setup.py
61 List slicing
62 Sockets
63 Itertools Module
64 Recursion
65 Boolean Operators
66 dis module
67 Type Hints
68 pip PyPI Package Manager
69 locale module
70 Exceptions
71 Web scraping
72 deque module
73 Distributing self-contained applications
74 Property Objects
75 Overloading
76 Debugging
77 Reading and Writing CSV
78 Dynamic code execution with exec and eval
79 PyInstaller - Distributing Python Code
80 Iterables and Iterators
81 Data Visualization
82 The interpreter command line console
83 args and kwargs
84 functools module
85 Garbage Collection
86 Indentation
87 Security and Cryptograhy
88 Pickle data serialization
89 urllib
90 Binary Data
91 Python and Excel
92 Idioms
93 Method Overriding
94 Difference between a module and a package
95 Data Serialization
96 Python Concurrency
97 RabbitMQ using AMQPStorm
98 PostgreSQL
99 Descriptor
100 Common Pitfalls
101 Multiprocessing
102 Creating temporary files with tempfile
103 Working with ZIP files
104 Stack
105 Profiling
106 User-Defined Methods
107 Working around Global Interpreter Lock
108 Deployment using conda
109 Logging
110 Processes and Threads
111 os module
112 Comments and documentation
113 Database Access
114 Python HTTP Server
115 Alternatives to switch statement from other languages
116 List destructuring
117 Accessing Python source code and bytecode
118 Mixins
119 Attribute Access
120 ArcPy
121 Python Anti-Patterns
122 Plugin and Extension Classes
123 Websockets
124 Immutable data types
125 String representations of class
126 Arrays
127 Operator Precedence
128 Polymorphism
129 Alternative Python implementations
130 List Comprehensions
131 Web Server Gateway Intrerface WSGI
132 2to3 tool
133 Abstract Syntax Tree
134 Abstract Base Classes
135 Unicode
136 ssh in Python
137 Serial Communication with pyserial
138 Neo4j
139 Performance optimization
140 Curses
141 Templates
142 pass statement
143 Testing with py.test
144 Date Formatting
145 heapq
146 tkinter
147 CLI subcommands
148 Defining functions with list arguments
149 SQLite3 module
150 Persistence with pickle
151 Connecting to SQL Server
152 Design Patterns
153 Multidimensional arrays
154 Audio
155 pyglet
156 queue module
157 ijson
158 webbrowser module
159 base64 module
160 Flask
161 Groupby
162 Sockets and Message Encryption / Decryption
163 pygame
164 Input Subset and Output External Data Files using Pandas
165 hashlib
166 Gzip
167 ctypes
168 Creating a Windows Service
169 Mutable vs. Immutable
170 configparser
171 Common Exceptions
172 Optical Character Recognition OCR
173 Python Data Types
174 Partial functions
175 Generating graphs
176 Unzipping Files
177 Functional Programming
178 Python Virtual Environment - virtualenv
179 sys module
180 virtual environment with virtualenvwrapper
181 virtualenvwrapper on Windows
182 Python Requests Post
183 Plotting with Matplotlib
184 Python Lex-Yacc
185 pyaudio
186 shelve
187 pip and PyPI Package Manager
188 Writing to CSV from String or List
189 Raise Custom Errors Exceptions
190 Using loops within functions
191 Contributors